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The properties of three mucins were examined to identify the structural features responsible for their functional differences. Bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM), porcine gastric mucin (PGM), and rat intestinal mucin (RIM) were each characterized, and high carbohydrate contents were found for RIM and PGM. The amino acid compositions were typical of mucin glycoproteins, with over half comprising small,...
The inhibitory effects of 1,3-diacylglycerol (DAG) on diet-induced lipid accumulation in liver and abdominal adipose tissue of rats were investigated in the present study. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given free access to diets containing 7 wt% TAG (low TAG), 20 wt% TAG (high TAG), or 20 wt% DAG (high DAG), respectively, for 8 wk. The body weight of rats in the 20% high-TAG group increased significantly,...
On July 11, 2003, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration published a final rule amending its food-labeling regulations to require that trans FA be declared in the nutrition label of conventional foods and dietary supplements. The effective date of this final rule is January 1, 2006. This places some urgency on increasing the number and types of currently available foods for which there are trans-fat...
The effect of dietary CLA and n−3 PUFA on hepatic TAG accumulation, histopathology, and FA incorporation in lipid classes by laying chickens was investigated. One hundred twenty 30-wk-old single-comb white leghorn laying hens were distributed randomly to four treatments (3 replications of 10 birds) and were fed diets containing CLA and animal fat (Diet I), 18∶3n−3 (Diet II), or long-chain n−3 FA (Diet...
The FA composition of glycerophospholipid (GPL) classes and subclasses was investigated in whole animals of three marine bivalve mollusks: the Japanese oyster Crassostrea gigas, the blue mussel Mytilus edulis, and the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum. Individual organs (gills, mantle, foot, siphon, and muscle) of the Manila clam also were examined. The PS plasmalogen (PSplsm), PE plasmalogen (PEplsm),...
The effect of the interaction of CLA and type of dietary protein on lipid metabolism was studied in male rats by feeding diets containing casein (CAS) or soy protein (SOY) as dietary protein and either linoleic acid (LA, a control FA) or graded levels of CLA at 0,0.1, 0.5, and 1.0% for 28 d. CLA reduced the weight of perirenal adipose tissue in a dose-dependent manner, but the magnitude of the reduction...
Psammomys obesus (sand rat) is an appropriate model to highlight the development of hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, obesity, and diabetes. This animal species, with genetically predetermined diabetes, acquires non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus when exposed to energy-rich diets. In the present study, we explored the possibility that glycation of LDL may occur in diabetes-prone P. obesus...
The effect of dietary TAG structure and fatty acid acyl TAG position on palmitic and linoleic acid metabolism was investigated in four middle-aged male subjects. The study design consisted of feeding diets containing 61 g/d of native lard (NL) or randomized lard (RL) for 28 d. Subjects then received an oral dose of either 1,3-tetradeuteriopalmitoyl-2-dideuteriolinoleoyl-rac-glycerol or a mixture of...
Cholesterol absorption is frequently determined using the plasma dual stable-isotope ratio method (PDSIRM). However, this method involves intravenous injection of stableisotope-labeled cholesterol with simultaneous oral administration of differently labeled cholesterol, which results in high study costs and involves additional ethical considerations. The objective of the present study was to validate...
We investigated lipid composition and FA metabolism in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells and Pex5-mutated CHO-K1 (ZP102) cells to clarify the biochemical bases of peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBD). ZP102 cells have defective peroxisomes and exhibit impairments of peroxisomal β-oxidation of FA and plasmalogen biosynthesis. In addition, we identified FA metabolic alterations in the synthesis...
The basidiomycetous mushroom Lentinula edodes (Shiitake) exhibits a unique process of cell differentiation termed “fruiting-body formation”. To clarify the relationship between membrane lipids and fruiting-body formation in this fungus, we investigated variations in levels of phospholipids, cerebrosides, fatty acyl residues in the major phospholipids, and fatty acyl and sphingoid base residues in...
The lipids of the gram-negative marine bacterium Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus, cultivated in synthetic seawater supplemented with 1-chlorooctadecane as sole source of carbon, were isolated, purified, and their structures determined. Three pools of lipids were isolated according to the sequential procedure used: unbound lipids extracted by organic solvents, ester-bound lipids released under alkaline...
The impact of starch sources differing in their velocities of ruminal degradation on the milk fat of dairy cows was studied. The animals received diets containing a slowly degradable (potatoes) or rapidly degradable (wheat) starch concentrate (40% of the dry matter) in a total mixed diet. Milk fat was the only animal performance factor affected: Cows produced significantly less milk fat when fed the...
Several psychiatric disorders, including juvenile Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), have been associated with abnormalities of certain long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA). Despite this reported association, the FA levels of patients with the adult form of ADHD have not previously been evaluated. In this study we measured the total blood phospholipid FA concentrations in 35 control subjects and...
The characterization and structure of epoxy carotenoids possessing 5,6-epoxy, 5,8-epoxy and 3,6-epoxy end groups conjugated to the polyene chain were investigated using highenergy fast atom bombardment collision-induced dissociation MS/MS methods. In addition to [M-80]+, a characteristic fragment ion of an epoxy carotenoid, product ions resulting from the cleavage of C−C bonds in the polyene chain...
Osteoarthritic chondrocytes (OC) produce excessive prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and nitric oxide (NO), which function as inflammation mediators in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). This study examined the effect of CLA alone and in combination with other PUFA on the FA composition and the production of PGE2 and NO in OC cultures isolated from OA patients. Human OC were grown in monolayer and treated...
To study whether Atlantic salmon β-oxidation was affected by dietary FA composition, an in vitro study with primary hepatocytes was undertaken. Isolated hepatocyte cultures were stimulated with either 16∶0, 18∶1n−9, 18∶2n−6, 18∶3n−3, 20∶5n−3, or 22∶6n−3 in triplicate for 24 h. In addition, a control was included where no FA stimulation was performed, also in triplicate. After stimulation, radiolabeled...
The purpose of the present study was to examine the role of tangeretin, a polymethoxylated flavone from citrus fruits, on the regulation of apolipoprotein B (apoB) and lipid metabolism in the human hepatoma cell-line HepG2. The marked reduction in apoB secretion observed in cells incubated with 72.8 μM tangeretin was rapid, apoB-specific, and partly reversible. The reduction also was observed under...
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of two purified isomers of CLA (c9,t11-CLA and t10,c12-CLA) on the weights and FA compositions of hepatic TG, phospholipids, cholesterol esters, and FFA. Eight-week-old female mice (n=6/group) were fed either a control diet or diets supplemented with 0.5% c9,t11-CLA or t10, c12-CLA isomers for 8 wk. Weights of liver total lipids and those of individual...
Derivatives of podophyllotoxin were prepared by coupling 10 FA with the C4-α-hydroxy function of podophyllotoxin. The coupling reactions between FA and podophyllotoxin were carried out by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide in the presence of a catalytic amount of dimethylaminopyridine to produce quantitative yields of desired products. FA incorporated were the following: 10-hydroxydecanoic, 12-hydroxydodecanoic,...
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